BDYWC Heart Month

Water Your Heart

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THE HEART

The heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It is made up of multiple layers of tissue. Blood moves throughout arteries, veins, capillaries, all throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients that our organs need to function properly. Carbon dioxide is also carried through the blood to the lungs to be exhaled.12

WHY DOES THE HEART NEED WATER?

Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body; a vital component of all bodily functions.1 The heart needs a great deal of water to move 2,000 gallons of blood per day. Not only does the heart need a large amount of water to operate, but blood is also made of 90% water.
Age, body size, temperature, and activity level affect how much water one’s body needs.3 Adequate hydration is important, especially for athletes, to avoid damage to the heart and other vital organs.

WHAT IS HYDRATION?

The entire body needs water to regulate body temperature, infection prevention, deliver nutrients throughout the body through blood, and to keep organs functioning properly.14

WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF HYDRATION?

There are various levels of hydration. Meeting your daily intake for water is important to keep your heart healthy – if not, there can be serious consequences.

Hyperhydration

Hyperhydration is the state in which the amount of total body water has been exceeded. This disproportionate amount of water causes intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes to expand. Hyperhydration Symptoms5:
  • Swollen extremities
  • Altered mental state
  • Mood changes
  • Seizures

Euhydration

Euhydration is the state in which an individual’s total body water content is optimal. In this state, the body is able to control its temperature and complete all functions properly.

Hypohydration

Hypohydration is the state in which the total amount of body water is in a deficit, caused by acute or chronic dehydration. Thirst sensations and arginine vasopressin release increase, and processes to replenish cellular fluid stores are elicited when individuals are hypohydrated. Impaired blood skin flow and altered sweating responses add thermal strain to the body. Hypohydration decreases the sweating response, increases body temperature and the risk of heat illness, decreases stroke volume, increases heart rate and systemic vascular resistance from the increased vasopressin.5 8
Hypohydration can have destructive effects on cardiovascular health, especially in individuals that are exercising. Severe hypohydration may cause the inability to maintain normal body temperature, exercise intensity, and vital organ function; impairs mental and physical performance, vascular function, and blood pressure regulation; increases sympathetic nervous system activity, worsens orthostatic tolerance, and reduces endothelial function.4 5 Hypohydration Symptoms4 5:
  • Thirst
  • Gastrointestinal cramping
  • Heat sensations
  • Chills

Dehydration

Dehydration is the process of losing body water, causing the body’s water supply to be depleted.5 8 When dehydration occurs, blood volume increases. In order to catch up, the heart beats faster, causing one’s heart rate and blood pressure to increase. Dehydration also causes the blood to retain more sodium, so it thickens, making it difficult to move blood throughout the body. Elderly individuals, people with chronic illnesses, children, and athletes are most at risk of becoming dehydrated.1
Dehydration symptoms can include1 9:
  • Thirst
  • Lightheadedness/Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Dry Mouth
  • Confusion
  • Dark urine
  • Lack of tears
  • Sunken eyes
  • Swollen feet
  • Heart attack
  • Heat stroke
There is also various levels of dehydration.
Isotonic Dehydration
Isotonic dehydration is experienced when a balanced combination of sodium and water is lost. When this happens, fluid and sodium levels are lower than they should be.6
Hypernatremia | Hypertonic Dehydration
Hypernatremia (Hypertonic Dehydration) occurs when more electrolytes than water are lost, especially sodium. Individuals in this condition may feel thirsty. If it is not treated, the thirst will worsen, confusion may develop, muscles can start twitching, and seizures may occur. In severe cases, hypernatremia can lead to coma or death.6
Hyponatremia | Hypotonic Dehydration
Hyponatremia (Hypotonic Dehydration) occurs when electrolytes and fluids are lost together, but only fluids are replaced. Low sodium can lead to hyponatremia.6

WHAT AFFECTS HYDRATION?

Hydration can be affected in several ways: temperature, caffeine, medications, electrolytes, and exercise.
Temperature
The average body temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), but normal body temperatures can vary between 97°F (36.1°C) and 99°F (37.2°C). Elders typically have lower body temperatures than younger people. Body temperature can be affected by how active you are or what time of the day it is.11 When the body is adequately hydrated, it can complete the process of thermoregulation – when the body produces heat, transports it where it is needed, and then releases it through evaporation and radiation.5
If the body starts overheating, the proteins that build the body and all of its chemical processes can stop working. The initiation of these processes varies depending on each individual’s normal body temperature and exercise intensity. Evaporation and radiation remove heat from the body, but both functions stress the heart.10
Caffeine

The United States Department of Agriculture has set a daily limit for total caffeine at 400mg per day for adults. There is great debate about whether or not caffeine is a diuretic, causing dehydration. Caffeine can be a diuretic if high doses of caffeine are taken all at once, but research suggests that the fluid in caffeinated drinks balances the diuretic effect of typical caffeine drinks.

Symptoms such as chest pain, irregular heartbeat, and stroke have been reported when individuals have exceeded the daily threshold of caffeine. Caffeine poisoning can happen with 1,200mg of pure caffeine according to the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Exercise

The heart can be significantly affected by exercise. Considerable increases in blood pressure during exercise has been associated with greater future incidence of hypertension, cardiovascular, and cardiometabolic disease risk.4

Individuals should be aware of their water intake and ensure they are drinking enough to match their exercise intensity. Individual fluid consumption varies from person to person. Water should be consumed according to rest, before, during, and after exercise. If more water than necessary is consumed, a condition called Exercise Associated Hyponatremia may occur.

Exercise Associated Hyponatremia (EAH)

Excessive fluid consumption of hypotonic fluids (including sports drinks) causes extracellular body water to enter the cells. With reduced renal (kidney) water clearance, the fluid has nowhere to go for an hour or more, causing organ and tissue swelling. This condition is known as Exercise Associated Hyponatremia.

This condition causes the brain cells to swell, lightheadedness, dizziness, nausea, puffiness of the extremities or face, muscle cramps that do not resolve as usual, and body weight gain. If the condition goes untreated, it can cause an altered mental status, confusion, disorientation, agitation, delirium, phantom running, seizures, coma, and signs of herniation. In severe cases, EAH can be fatal via cerebral or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

If physically active individuals adequately replace sodium losses and do not consume excess fluids, they can prevent EAH.

Exercise Associated Hyponatremia has been identified in 10%-20% of distance athletes after events.5

RECOMMENDATIONS

  • Calculate your needed daily water intake with the formula above (remember: half your bodyweight in ounces!)
  • Pre-hydrate and stay hydrated on hot days
  • Carry an eco-friendly bottle with you
  • Use an app or bottle to track your water intake
  • Add fresh fruit and ice to your water
  • Switch daily coffee/tea breaks to a water break
  • Find a cool area or take a cold shower on hot days
  • Drink water before, during, and after workouts (12oz. for every half hour of exercise)

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Kilyn Parisien is the BDYWC Marketing Specialist, an experienced and knowledgeable writer who creates informative and engaging blog content to promote the facility’s mission and services.

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